Proposal to be a nursing home dministrator Thesis

To be a nursing home dministrator - Thesis Proposal Example As part of my experience then, I worked with Genesis Health Care System as a coordinator of their Medicare customers. During this time I was in charge of managing the assigned schedule of these customers, monitoring all the certifications forms in the facility among many other duties you that this course have fully equipped me with the ability to manage a nursing facility very effectively while ensuring that all the patients together with their visitors are safe. I also have been working as a Nurse Supervisor in Baltimore with Manor care Dulaney in the year 2010 until now supervising all many activities in the pace and attending to several complaints that are brought forward by different customers. Therefore can just state that my purpose in requesting for the position is to serve people with most diligence and utmost commitment to my work given that I have effective communication skills. It is then my hope that this opportunity will be granted to me. Thank

Design and Media Art- Media Histories Class Assignment Essay

Design and Media Art- Media Histories Class Assignment - Essay Example An analysis of the Western capitalist societies and their changes was developed by a German-American group of theorists known as the Frankfurt School (Adorno 43). They were among the earliest producers of accounts in social theories on the significance of mass communication and culture in social domination and reproduction (Buck-Morss 12). They also generated the initial models of critical studies analyzing the procedures of cultural production and the reception of the audience. The studio audience is aware of the position from which the act may not be detected immediately as illusionary, but such a chance is not there for a scene of a movie in the process of being shot. It possesses the illusionary nature of a second degree that results from cutting. The mechanical equipment provided by industrialization has infiltrated deeply enough into reality such that its pure aspect is released from the foreign essence of the equipment through the shooting procedure. The combination of emotion al and visual enjoyment characterizes the progressive reaction of the audience. The feature of equipment free reality became the optimum level of artifice. Immediate reality became a priced element as technology advanced. In the 1930s, a critical approach was developed by the Frankfurt school towards communication and cultural studies. It combined textual analysis and analysis of ideological and social effects. To this end, they came up with the phrase culture industry to refer to the industrialization process of culture produced in mass as well as the commercial necessity that propelled the system. Theorists who criticized mass mediated cultural works in the perspective of industrial production claimed they portrayed similar features as all other mass produced products. However, the culture industries of the Frankfurt school held a specific role of providing ideologically legitimate theories of the capitalist societies’ existence and integrating art into its people’s lifestyles (Buck-Morss 16). With industrialization bringing forth more versatile cameras, the difference between the works of a painter and a cameraman were also understood on different levels. While there exists a natural distance between a painter’s work and reality, a cameraman can penetrate scenes more deeply. The painter’s product may be termed as a total product, while the cameraman’s is made up of multiple segments amassed through a new law. Therefore, after industrialization, present day man finds the reality represented by film superior to that portrayed by a painter. The detailed penetration of reality mechanical equipment is capable of achieving offers the reality in an aspect that contemporary man feels entitled to demand from artwork (Hopkinson 27). As the Frankfurt school promoted the mass and homogeneous production of media through its culture industry model, more models were developed including those by Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch (Fabian and Adam 19). However, the culture industry articulated the significant social roles media culture played by providing a commercially and technically advanced model. It played a key role in ideological reproduction and how it is perceived today to serve the needs of individuals and corporate interests. Question Two Although the camera obscura’s characteristics were observed in the Western world and China in the 16th century, the electronic and printed forms of images produced by cameras became a common and widely used way of arousing emotions and

Concepts of Indigenous Australian Cultures

Concepts of Indigenous Australian Cultures ‘Indigenous Australian Cultures’ The Dreaming The English language has no exact word or phrase that depicts The Dreaming and each Indigenous Australian language groups has its own term to refer to this epoch. In Western Australia Ngarinyin people refer to it as Ungud, the Central Australian Aranda people as Aldjerinya, the Pitjantjara of north-west South Australia as Tjukurpa, while in the Broome region it is Bugari. While the English word suggests fantasies or vague recollections of the real world the Indigenous Australian translation see’s The Dreaming as inherent reality (Edwards, 1998). The Dreaming is how Aboriginal people explain how their world came to be. Clarke (2003, p.16) suggests culture and lifestyle in traditional Aboriginal culture are shaped by their values, beliefs and the relationship between Indigenous Australians and every feature of landscape and living creature. The spiritual beings that feature in The Dreaming accounts are the spiritual Ancestors of the present day Aboriginal community and continue to influence the beliefs and values of Aboriginal Australians (Clarke, 2003, p. 16). The Dreaming tells of the creation of land, trees, plants, rocks, waterholes, rivers, mountain, stars and animals and the journeys the Aboriginal Ancestors travelled. The spirits of these Ancestors whom often resembled people and or animals continue to inhabit these features of the world today. Both consequences and punishments are depicted in The Dreaming and form life lessons that are shared throughout generations. For example the Dhuwa shares The Dreaming of a hunter who abducts a young girl and traps her in a cave with him. While he sleeps she transforms into a butterfly and escapes. In his anger he transforms into a bat and is trapped in the prison he made forever (Abc.net.au, 2015) Kinship For Aboriginal Australian’s kinship is more than family genetics or blood ties. Kinship is a complex system based around social organisation, which outlines responsibilities within Nations, clans and family groups. (University of Sydney, 2005-15)Kinship and family are especially important to Indigenous Australians. As it guides responsibilities to their ‘kin’ and environment. Kinship is so dominant for the Wiradjuri people they speak of kin as their ‘whole world’ (MacDonald, 1998 p. 303). Kinship in the many Aboriginal Nations shares common components as well as differences. The all-embracing systems have been handed down through generations from Ancestors of The Dreaming and are based on reciprocal actions, such as giving of privileges in return for similar privileges. Rights and obligations are determined by an individual’s kin, and such influences include who you may marry, share food and resources with, who will look after an individual and who might educate them. Kinship systems consist of Moiety, Totems and skin names. Moiety is a form of social organisation meaning ‘two halves’. Each individual is assigned a moiety group from either the matrilineal (mother) or patrilineal (father)’s line. Moiety governs where partners are chosen from. For example a marriage partner must come from the opposite moiety. Each nation has their own names for each half of moiety. Arnhem Nation refer to it as Dhuwa and Yirrity while Wiradjuri as Dilbi and Kuputhin. Each individual belongs to a totem dependant on when they were conceived. Aboriginal totems can be animals or plants, they hold special meaning to a group of individuals (Bani, 2004). They are filled with the spirit of their ancestors. Individuals become the generational custodians of their particular sacred places, ceremonies and dreaming stories. A person has four totems that represent Nation, Clan, family and a personal totem that recognises their strengths and weaknesses, this tot em maybe given at birth or later in life (University of Sydney, 2005-15). Economic organisation Goodall (1996, p. 2) has suggested Indigenous Australians have been practicing sustainable land and economic management for thousands of years. Long before European settlement Aboriginal Australians â€Å"have used techniques to increase the numbers and growth of plants and animals†. Clearing trees and creating grasslands for grazing while maintaining patches of forest for shelter are examples of these techniques (Australian National University, 2011). While The Dreaming and kinship organisation describe Aboriginal men as hunters, and women gatherers, Women are more reliable food suppliers than men due their sources being more plentiful, whereas hunting cannot be guaranteed (Dingle, 1988 p. 13). Aboriginal people created trade routes across the country and exchanged food, shells and psycho-active drugs such as Pituri. Individuals would not travel the entire distance, they would meet at waterholes, where exchanges would be made and then return to their Nation. Resource management is critical to the sustainability of the Aboriginal culture. Seasonal calendars impact the strategies used to ensure effective methods were utilised, including hunting animals at the time of year they are at their fattest therefore providing maximum nourishment. Ensuring animals weren’t hunted during breeding season or carrying their young was another resource management strategy used. (Anon, 2015) References Abc.net.au, (2015) DustEchoes. (online) Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/dustechos/dustEchoesFlash.htm, (March 11, 2015) Anon, (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.larrakia.csiro.au/pdf/MingayoorooSeasonsCalendar.pdf (Accessed 15 Mar, 2015). Australian National University. (2011). Bill Gammage discusses ‘The Biggest Estate on Earth’ http://www.anu.edu.au/vision/videos/5001/, (March 9, 2015). Bani, E. (2004). Torres News, the voice of the islands: What is a totem? In R. Davis (ED.), Woven histories, dancing lives: Torres Strait Islander identity, culture and history (pp.151). Acton A.C.T: AIATSIS. Clarke, P. (2003). Where the ancestors walked: Australia as an Aboriginal landscape. Sydney: Allen Urwin. Dingle, T. (1988). Aboriginal economy and society: Patterns of experience. Melbourne: McPhee Gribble and Penguin Books. Edwards, B. (1998). Living the dreaming. In C. Bourke, E. Bourke, B. Edwards (Eds.),  Aboriginal Australia: an introductory reader in Aboriginal studies (2nd ed.) (pp.77-99). St Lucia, QLD: University of Queensland Press. Goodall, H. (1996). Invasion to embassy. St Leonards: Allen Unwin MacDonald, G. (1998). Continuities of Wiradjuri tradition. In W.H. Edwards (ED.), Traditional Aboriginal society: An introductory reader in Aboriginal studies (2nd ed.) (pp. 297-312). South Melbourne: MacMillan. University of Sydney. (2002-15). The kinship module. http://sydney.edu.au/kinship-module/ (March 10, 2015). Cant remember if I used this one Aboriginal art and culture centre – Alice Springs http://aboriginalart.com.au/gallery/gallery_intro.html

Reflecting on My College Experience :: Personal Reflection

When I first enrolled here at State University, I never thought I would ever be in the position to graduate. Finishing college was a huge goal growing up but it was also my biggest fear. But after three and a half years of dedication I plan to get my degree in the fall. Getting this far in college was not easy, it took encouragement from family, dedication, and assistance from others to reach this position. Many years ago I remember my parents telling me that in order for me to become successful a college education was a must. They always told me that if I wasn’t in school I could no longer live at home. Both of my parents attended college but neither of them finished. They did not want me to go down that same road because they really regret not getting their degrees. My grades in elementary school were poor because I had trouble paying attention to things that were not challenging. I tried to play sick just about every day but my parent were not falling for it. My favorite classes were gym, music, and art. Competing in sports is where I spent most of my time. The words of my parents and teachers went in one ear and out the other. â€Å"School just wasn’t interesting to me† My senior year of high school I decided to dedicate my self to school work. All I did was take school a little more seriously and pay attention. Before you know it I had made the honor roll for the first time and continue to make it the rest of the year. Finally the extra work was reflecting in my grades. My parents were glad to see that my education had some meaning. That summer after school I just wanted to find a job and start making some money. Going to college for anther four year was something I thought I could not handle. I final got a job at UPS unloading trucks. At first I thought how hard could it be? But every day I would come home exhausted from working in the heat. And then when I got tiny pay check, it hit me. From then on I decided that manual labor was something that I could not do the rest of my life and I could definitely not support a family on that income. A job behind a desk in the air conditioning was what I wanted.

Plant Growth Hormone Lab Report Essay

Introduction: Plant hormones and growth regulators are chemicals that affect flowering, aging, root growth, killing of leaves, promotion of stem elongation, color enhancement of fruit, prevention of leafing, and many other conditions. Very small concentrations of these substances produce major growth changes. All plants produce hormones naturally, and growth regulators can be applied by people to are applied to plants by people. Plant growth regulators may be synthetic compounds that mimic naturally occurring plant hormones, or they may be natural hormones that were extracted from plant tissue. In our plant growth experiment growth stimulants and growth inhibitors were used. Ideally the plants that received the growth stimulants should have grown larger than the others. Methods & Materials: The 3 plants used in the experiment were corn, peas, and beans. B-Nine, IAA, Gibberlic Acid, and a control substance were the growth regulators used. Gibberellic acid stimulates cell division and elongation, breaks seed dormancy, and speeds germination. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) stimulates internodal elongation, rooting, and leaf abscission. B-nine reduces internodal elongation. The control substance is the independent variable in the experiment. Four planting pots, which were divided into three parts, were used for planting the seeds. Two seeds from each type of plant were put in the soil of one compartment of the four planting pots. Each of the containers was labeled with the corresponding hormone, and each division of each container was labeled for the corresponding plant. The plants were then watered and stored. Next week the lengths of the plants were recorded, the hormones were put on the plants. One of the four types of hormones was added to each plant in its corresponding labeled container. The next week the plants were measured and lengths were recorded. The process of adding the hormones was repeated for four weeks in the same way as the week before, and also I measured my plant lengths in millimeters. The whole experiment took five  weeks to complete. Discussion: The experiment was not flawless due to many errors that occurred. As you can see from my results the beans did not grow at all therefore no data was recorded. The corn and peas that received the Gibberlic acid both grew more than the corn and peas that received the control substance. It looks as though the B-nine, which is supposed to reduce internodal elongation, may have actually stimulated internodal elongation. The IAA results in the corn were accurate, but the lengths of the peas that received IAA were less than that of the control. One error that may have occurred could have been the amount of water each plant received. Some plants may have been over watered, or not watered enough. This could have possibly affected the growths of each. Another factor may have been the light each plant was exposed to. I conclude that errors in the experiment may have affected the desired outcome of each plant.

Philadelphia family Essay

Born in 1856 into a wealthy Philadelphia family, Taylor disappointed his parents by working in a metal products factory, first as a machinist and next as a foreman. Shocked at the factory’s inefficiency, and the practice of its skilled workers of purposely working slowly. As an engineer he was more interested in the practical outcome and not the psychology Taylor proposed solutions that he believed would solve both problems. By studying the time it took each worker to complete a step, and by rearranging equipment, Taylor believed he could discover what an average worker could produce in optimum conditions. The promise of higher wages, he figured, would create added incentive for workers to exceed this â€Å"average† level. Taylor’s time-and-motion studies offered a path away from the industrial wars of a century ago. Now what was needed was a way to apportion the wealth created by manufacturing enterprises. Taylor’s answer sidestepped the class struggle and interest group politics. He believed his principles would create a partnership between manager and worker, based on an understanding of how jobs should be done and how workers are motivated. These workers are motivated by money. He believed a fairs day work deserved a fair day bonus. He thought keeping his workforce happy would keep them producing at a high quality. He died in 1915, whilst on a speaking tour in the mid west he contracted influenza, he was admitted to hospital and celebrated his 59th birthday there and died the next day. Taylor’s second and third theory is used in the McDonalds. The McDonalds ethos is that the food preparation must be done to specific instructions. For instance the fries must be cooked for a 3 minutes at a temperature of 175o, then the buzzer tells the employee to take them out and salt them. Throughout all McDonalds are a series of dedicated, purpose-built machine for producing milkshakes, toasting buns and squirting chocolate sauce and much else. After 150 years this is the most active period working in industry, F W Taylor would feel very much at home ordering a Big Mac. The biggest person that Taylor’s theory’s influenced was Henry Ford. Henry Ford was the first person to try mass production and it was a massive success. Taylor’s practices were first used in 1911 in the factory; by 1913 Ford had introduced a conveyor belt system and had achieved the ultimate Taylorite idea. This method was also used in Nazi death camps. They did not plan whom they would kill until the day they did it. Both Mussolini and Stalin both used his techniques during their communist uprisings. Taylor also wrote many books of these the most famous is ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ he wrote this in 1911. He split the book into two chapters the first ‘the fundamentals of scientific management† and the second â€Å"The principles of scientific management†. In the first chapter he stated that the principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. In the second chapter he stated that people should be told what to do and how they do it. They should be motivated by a money incentive. Before Taylor, skilled workers chose their own methods of work, but after Taylor workers were far more likely to have limited, repetitive tasks and were forced to work at a pace set by their manager. To maximise efforts of workers Taylor introduced an incentive system known as a differential piece-rate. This offered a meagre payment per unit produced. 2p per unit for the first 500 per day 5p per unit all those above 500 per day The threshold was set a t a level which those producing barely 500 received barely a living wage. To make 700 was a great incentive, as you would earn double what you would at the 500 mark. But the workers in many places resented this theory that the theory was abandoned soon after introduction. Problems with Taylor’s methods With Taylor’s notion of a ‘quickest and best way’ for all workers does not take into account individual differences. There is no guarantee that the ‘best way’ will suit everyone. Also some people naturally will be able to work faster than others creating a disadvantage for those he is not so fast. Taylor also viewed people as machines, with financial needs, than as humans in a social setting. People felt pressured and did not like being treated this way. He also overlooked the fact that some people work for other reasons than money. In a financial survey in 1982, a large sample of British people were asked whether they would carry on working if they financially did no need to. Nearly 70% of men and 655 of women said they would. Taylor’s Core values The rule of reason, improved quality, lower costs, higher wages, higher output, labour management, co-operation, experimentation, clear tasks and goals, feedback, training, stress reduction and the careful selection and development of people. He was the first to present a systemic study of interaction an d job requirements, tools, methods and human skills, to fit people into jobs both psychologically and physically, and to let data and facts do the talking rather than prejudice, opinions or egomania.

Selma Reflection Essays

Selma Reflection Essays Selma Reflection Paper Selma Reflection Paper This film impacted everyone in the audience. It made everyone fell angry, frustrated, hurt, sad, and inspired. Was hooked in this movie from the very beginning. The seen with the black woman tying to register to vote only to be met with a racist man behind the counter denying her of her rights and her disappointment as she has once again been denied was heartbreaking to watch and made me upset and annoyed all at the same time. The movie ally went deep into what life really was like for black people before the Voting Rights Act and the struggles that they had to endure in order to achieve the rights already bestowed upon them. This movie isnt just about DRP. Martin Luther King, but also about the evolution of change through political manipulation. The audience and had no trouble relating with DRP. Martin Luther King. We clearly saw how he was a man no different from any of us and if he can advocate and endorse change through non-violence, then e can as well. Then we have no reason, no excuse, and no justification not to promote change. This epic movie empowers and motivates us to make a difference in the world, to do something that will help make this country a better place for everyone. Overall, this movie simply amazed me. To think that so much can be done through non-violent acts such as protesting and marching. I began to wonder why so many other political figures chose violence over everything else in order to get what they wanted instead of hosing to do what DRP. Martin Luther King did. We see the conflict between choosing violent methods over non-violent methods in the movie during the scene with DRP. Kings wife, Correct, and Malcolm X. In this scene, the two mention how Malcolm X chose violent methods, which was the complete opposite of what DRP. King was doing and how Correct did not want him to ruin what DRP. Martin Luther had already established. I loved this movie and think that everyone should have the opportunity to enjoy it as well.

North By Northwest essays

North By Northwest essays Lines appear, forming slanted boxes on which the credits appear The lines become the windows of a large building Main character talks to his secretary about his plans They go over his schedule for the next day while driving to his appointment He asks her to call his mother and remind her of their evening engagement As she drives away, he remembers that his mother cant be reached at the usual number, but doesnt have time to tell his secretary before the cab drives away Function/Theme: Shows busy office life Explanation: Roger Thornhills life is full of activity Roger Thornhill attracts the porters attention to ask him about sending his mother a telegram The villains see him and assume that hes George Kaplan As he follows the porter, hes stopped by two men, one of whom has a gun, and is led away, insisting that theyve made a mistake Function/Theme: The wrong place at the wrong time/Mistakes happen Explanation: Thornhill is seen talking to the porter whod been looking for George Kaplan, and its assumed that he is therefore Kaplan Thornhill tried to engage the man on his left in conversation to find out whats happening and is frustrated when his attempts fail Thornhill leans over the man on his left to try to escape, but finds the door is locked and is disappointed Function/Theme: Shows Thornhills persistence/Making the best out of a bad situation Explanation: Thornhill had been kidnapped and is on his way to an unknown location Lester Townsend enters and engages George Kaplan in conversation about who he is Townsend refers to Thornhill as Kaplan, and Thornhill tries to explain his identity Townsend hints that Kaplan might not survive the evening if he doesnt cooperate Thornhill insists that he has to be on his way to the theater in New York to see a play he&...

Your Ultimate Guide to Summer Programs for High Schoolers

There are many benefits to participating in summer programs. You’ll get a taste of college life—in many cases, you’ll live in dorms and take college-level classes; you might get college credit or placement for courses; you might get ahead in high school by learning new material over the summer; and you’re showing colleges that you enjoy learning and are serious about your academic future. You’ll also meet like-minded students who are focused on their education, too. No matter what your niche or interest—or if you want to participate in a more general, academic-oriented program—there are plenty of summer programs perfect for you. Here are 11 of our favorites. In this program, girls entering 11th and 12th grades engage in project-based learning in STEM fields, as well as gain exposure to careers in tech. One perk is that it’s free to attend. To participate in CTY, a summer program for talented students, you must take a qualifying test, such as the SAT, and score above a certain threshold. There are 25 program sites, including Hopkins, in the U.S. and Hong Kong, where you’ll explore issues related to civic leadership, critical and cultural studies, or global issues. CTY also offers distance learning in particular subjects, a program available at other times of year aside from just summer. You must take a quiz to qualify for this mathematics program, in which you’ll explore undergraduate- and graduate-level topics in math and engage in problem solving. It’s free to attend for students who demonstrate need. You may be nominated by apply based on other merit to attend this program, in which you’ll explore a particular field: business, government and law, or STEM. You’ll also visit sites related to your field and develop leadership skills. Two students per state and Washington, D.C. are invited to attend NYSC, where you’ll participate in STEM-related seminars and excursions led by scientists and other camp staff. This residential program is in West Virginia. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Fourteen college campuses, including UCLA, UPenn, Johns Hopkins, Georgetown, and Yale participate in the Summer Discovering program. You’ll take courses taught by university faculty in disciplines like business, STEM, leadership, foreign language, writing, and other areas. At SIG, you’ll take courses in a wide variety of subjects, along with extracurricular activities. Online courses are available through the program as well. In order to be accepted, you must show evidence of academic aptitude through test scores or recommendations. In this six-week program, high school juniors will attend an academic seminar and public speaking program. Telluride also offers a program for sophomores on topics related to black and ethnic students. Both programs are free to attend. Mathematically talented students have the opportunity to learn various math-related concepts at this program. You’ll qualify with standardized test scores. It’s also partially grant-funded for qualifying applicants. For students looking to hone leadership and entrepreneurship skills, look no further than Wharton, UPenn’s business school. In this program, high school students take courses taught by Wharton professors and business leaders and participate in company site visits. Taught by professional writers, budding writers may participate in courses within their speciality, such as fiction, nonfiction, playwriting, and other genres, at YWW. The program is two or three weeks depending on the session. Many individual colleges and universities offer general summer programs with a range of courses. These programs are a great idea for students hoping to attend that college or want to stay local for the summer—many have commuting options in addition to residential options. There are many other options available. If you’re looking for programs at a specific school, check on the college website. You’re sure to find one that aligns with your academic goals and interests. To find more summer programs and learn about why you should attend one, check out these posts: Looking for help navigating the road to college as a high school student? Check out the Mentorship Program . Our mentors drive significant personal and professional development for their high school mentees. Combining mentorship with engaging content, insider strategies, and personalized analyses, our program provides students with the tools to succeed. As students learn from successful older peers, they develop confidence, autonomy, and critical thinking skills to help maximize their chances of success in college, business, and life.

ART101 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ART101 CA - Essay Example lain sculptor, architect, painter, engineer, and poet and he has been considered one of the most prominent artists throughout centuries (Gilbert, â€Å"Michelangelo†). He was born in 1474 in the Republic of Florence and died in 1564 in Rome. Michelangelo came from the minor nobility, which had lost its status before the famous sculptor was born. However, the Buonarroti family and Michelangelo himself, were proud of their origin and ties with Counts of Canossa who claimed to have imperial blood (â€Å"Michelangelo-Biography†). When Michelangelo was born the family lived in Caprese, a small town in Florence where his father was a governor. The family later moved to Florence, â€Å"a centre of thought, of culture, and of trade† at that time (â€Å"Michelangelo-Biography†). There, at the age of 13 Michelangelo became an apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the most famous local artists in Florence. He finished his apprenticeship in three years since there was hardly anything left to learn. After that his life was closely to Lorenzo de Medici, who earned his fame for his patronage of art. While living in his house, Michelangelo practiced carving from marble and refined his talent. He went to Rome around 1497 by invitation of the Cardinal of St.Georgio, but came back home around 1501. While staying in Florence, the sculptor created David presumably in1501-1504. He then returned to Rome around 1508 to create many of his masterpieces, including Sistine Chapel’s paintings, there till 15 27, when he took part in the revolt against the Medici in Florence. After Medici regained the power over Florence, Michelangelo was searched to be put to death, but the protection of the Pope Clement saved his life. Michelangelo went to Rome around 1534 and never returned home. He was in service of the Popes and created The Last Judgement at that period. Michelangelo died in 1564 and was buried in Florence. His life was closely connected to the dramatic changes of the historic

Quantitative Techniques for Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Techniques for Business - Case Study Example The probability is less than the normal distribution and it is wider at the mean. 4. Under the assumption that the returns of each asset are drawn from an independently and identically distributed normal distribution, are the expected returns statistically different from zero for each asset? State clearly the null and alternative hypothesis in each case. 5. Assume the returns from each asset are independent from each other, are the mean returns statistically different from each other? 6. Calculate the correlation matrix of the returns. 7. Is the assumption of independence realistic? If not, re-test the hypotheses in Question 5 using appropriate test statistics. Compare the results to the results obtained in Question 5. 8. If you can only choose maximum of two assets into a portfolio, which will you choose? What are the optimal weights and the optimal expected returns? State clearly your objective function and provide step-by-step derivations.I would choose AUD per YEN and AUD per UKP since they have higher total returns than the rest. The objective function is to take the portfolio with the highest positive return, as it will maximize profit. 9. Bonus question: Why is it not realistic to assume these rates follow a normal distribution? Moreover, is Treasury bill safer than the other three exchange rates? The rates do not follow a normal distribution since they are not independent of each other. Treasury bill is safer than the other exchange rates since it has a positive return to itself and no negative returns from, the others.

Cigarette Smoking And Its Alternatives Term Paper

Cigarette Smoking And Its Alternatives - Term Paper Example There is continuous research about whether smoking is as harmful as people claim or if they are just myths and it is actually good for health in certain doses, and alternatives have been tested and tried so that if there is a better alternative with a similar effect on people on people who consume cigarettes, one must adopt it. (Tyer, 2007) Cigarette smoking and its business model Even though there has always been the claim that there is a positive correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, these campaigns have collapsed, and even people who are well aware of this correlation still continue to consume it. In history, the consumption rates of tobacco have remained high or low, but in developing countries they continue to peak up. This is due to the fact that it activates dopamine receptors and endorphins are released, which not only induce a certain amount of pleasure but also enhances alertness, heart rate and reactions. The reasons for smoking differ among different indi viduals but it usually starts at an early age and it may due to social pressure, especially for boys; however the gap between gender differences in smoking is reducing in young people. Once a person is hooked onto cigarette smoking, the withdrawal symptoms make it impossible for a person to quit smoking. The level of persistency in smoking categorizes smokers such as those who are addictive smokers from those who just do it to release pressure once in a while or in a social setting. (Healey, 2011) The obvious harmful effects of smoking are lung cancer, pulmonary and heart diseases, oral diseases, and even impotency or infertility. The prevalence of disease in women is predicted to rise the largest in the coming years due to smoking, where as smoking is the largest cause of death in the US currently. (Diseases., 2002) A business model of a tobacco company differs from other companies. But what exactly is a business model? It includes the offerings of the company and what it delivers to consumers. It also includes its purpose, its structure, what its policies are and what it strategizes. (Osterwalder, Pigneur, & Clark, 2012) British American Tobacco Caribbean and Central America British American Tobacco Caribbean and Central America is a leader in the market in the area it is located. Analyzing its business model gives a fair idea as to how a tobacco company’s model operates. Their vision is to become the leader in the tobacco market both in terms of value and volume, as well as in quality. Their aim is to offer the world quality by offering best products, best people, and the best Group of tobacco companies. Their mission is to maintain a competitive edge over other companies in Central America and Caribbean by maintaining a good organizational structure and efficiency. The strength of the people of the company makes up their strategy, as well as desire to innovate and differentiate their products. They also have a good research and development facility, and a fast supply chain. This helps British American to make revenue that contributes to growth as well as adds to stakeholder’s value. This has allowed them to hone into 180 markets globally as well. A business model is part of a business strategy. And its pillars determine the business model. Their pillars move them in a direction which makes it easier for them to achieve their vision. One of their pillars is growth which is their aim to increase their market share globally and to focus on their brands

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and response - Essay Example le media such as tv, books, computers, mp3 players and video games by children in the United States are cited, and questions are raised regarding the proper response to such emerging issues. A short questionnaire is supplied, and readers are invited to test themselves against these questions to see whether or not they suffer from internet addiction. The authors conclude with some advice regarding early interventions and treatment and there is a reference list with useful sources for further reading. This is an informative article which explains the relation between internet usage and other types of behavior which can be quite normal when carried out in moderation, but become pathological when taken to an extreme. It gives good advice on a rather simplistic level and this makes it suitable general public readership. The article describes what internet addiction is, how it can affect people, and what to do about it, but there is no consideration of the causes of this problem or any statistic on trends across countries and through time. The authors asked the question whether internet addiction is an epidemic or a fad, but they did not fully answer this question. They admit that it is a problem â€Å"for at least as subset of internet users† (Jaffe and Uhls, 2011, p.1) but it is hard to tell how serious or widespread this problem is. I would like to have seen a deeper analysis of the reasons why people are so drawn to the internet and what the bigger implications are for Ame rican lifestyle and culture now and in the future. Jaffe, Adi and Uhls, Yalda T. â€Å"Internet Addiction – Epidemic or Fad?: Can people really get addicted to the holy internet?† Psychology Today. November 17, 2011. Available at:

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death penalty - Essay Example Advocates consider it a fair and just punishment and neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite; they consider it a fair and ethical punishment. This paper discusses why society feels the need to punish along with the legal, logical, and moral implications of the death penalty. This subject is literally of life and death importance and a major barometer for establishing the collective conscience of the American culture which is behind its European cousins on this as well as other moral and ethical issues such as health care, drug laws, education and gun control. Punishment Why We Punish Historically, the justification for punishing lawbreakers has been to â€Å"avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and other potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender† (Wolfgang, 1998). Throughout recorded history, this reasoning has not changed much. The four main reasons the justice system p unishes criminals can be categorized by two main rationales. One is to obtain desired results which are deterrence, protecting society and seeking compensation. The other, retribution, involves punishing for crimes committed on humanity. Retribution is simply a fancy word for revenge. The need for revenge is one of the lowest forms of human emotion, a condition that is understandable in many circumstances,  but is not a rational response to a serious situation. â€Å"To kill the person who has killed someone close to you is simply to continue the cycle of violence  which ultimately destroys the  avenger as well as the offender. That this  execution somehow give 'closure'  to a tragedy is a myth.† (Schroth, 2008) Justifying Death Those who think that vengeance is a justification for continuing the death penalty usually point out the Old Testament reference of ‘an eye for an eye.’ Aggressive behavior must be met with equally aggressive forms of punishment . Interestingly, people who quote this Biblical passage to justify their position of using the death penalty is either intentionally ignoring or never read one of the most popular quotes in the Gospels of the New Testament. Jesus recalls the ‘eye for an eye’ reference and clearly rejects the statement before asking his gathered followers to ‘turn the other cheek’ instead. On the weight of that quote alone, all Christians should be strongly against the death penalty. However, the ‘eye for an eye’ excuse is still widely employed by people today. Those who adopt this viewpoint are certainly correct when they say that using the death penalty guarantees that the convicted murderer will not kill again. Additionally, the death penalty is the ultimate preventative measure. Persons opposed to capital punishment consider all life to be sacred and should be respected. Putting a murderer in prison for life with no possibility of parole is adequate punishme nt, is less expensive and achieves the desired result of segregating the person from society, forever, the same as the death penalty. By any religious or philosophical interpretation, legalized revenge is wrong and in the end more destructive to the fabric of society and its value system than was the crime itself. The decision to impose the death sentence is more of a cultural difference than one based on religious beliefs. Christians in America are generally in favor of the death penalty while their

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Consumer behavior - Essay Example It is not just limited to particular society or particular tribe, rather it is a generic characteristic of mankind based on which it aims for achieving excellence in different fields and further aims to outshine his fellow beings. Other factors that can be attributed to it include social mobility, social imbalances and social stratification in broader terms which brings about such desire in individual to belong to a class that is gifted and is termed a possessed one in terms of its belongings. It’s a continuous process, and those who have achieved some aim to go further up the hierarchy of social standing, and those who are at the bottom and belong to the lower middle classes and less affluent classes in terms of financial standing strive in their own way towards achieving a status higher than that of present. Income levels, occupation are few of the variables towards the determination of social standing and the subsequent aims against

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death penalty - Essay Example Advocates consider it a fair and just punishment and neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite; they consider it a fair and ethical punishment. This paper discusses why society feels the need to punish along with the legal, logical, and moral implications of the death penalty. This subject is literally of life and death importance and a major barometer for establishing the collective conscience of the American culture which is behind its European cousins on this as well as other moral and ethical issues such as health care, drug laws, education and gun control. Punishment Why We Punish Historically, the justification for punishing lawbreakers has been to â€Å"avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and other potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender† (Wolfgang, 1998). Throughout recorded history, this reasoning has not changed much. The four main reasons the justice system p unishes criminals can be categorized by two main rationales. One is to obtain desired results which are deterrence, protecting society and seeking compensation. The other, retribution, involves punishing for crimes committed on humanity. Retribution is simply a fancy word for revenge. The need for revenge is one of the lowest forms of human emotion, a condition that is understandable in many circumstances,  but is not a rational response to a serious situation. â€Å"To kill the person who has killed someone close to you is simply to continue the cycle of violence  which ultimately destroys the  avenger as well as the offender. That this  execution somehow give 'closure'  to a tragedy is a myth.† (Schroth, 2008) Justifying Death Those who think that vengeance is a justification for continuing the death penalty usually point out the Old Testament reference of ‘an eye for an eye.’ Aggressive behavior must be met with equally aggressive forms of punishment . Interestingly, people who quote this Biblical passage to justify their position of using the death penalty is either intentionally ignoring or never read one of the most popular quotes in the Gospels of the New Testament. Jesus recalls the ‘eye for an eye’ reference and clearly rejects the statement before asking his gathered followers to ‘turn the other cheek’ instead. On the weight of that quote alone, all Christians should be strongly against the death penalty. However, the ‘eye for an eye’ excuse is still widely employed by people today. Those who adopt this viewpoint are certainly correct when they say that using the death penalty guarantees that the convicted murderer will not kill again. Additionally, the death penalty is the ultimate preventative measure. Persons opposed to capital punishment consider all life to be sacred and should be respected. Putting a murderer in prison for life with no possibility of parole is adequate punishme nt, is less expensive and achieves the desired result of segregating the person from society, forever, the same as the death penalty. By any religious or philosophical interpretation, legalized revenge is wrong and in the end more destructive to the fabric of society and its value system than was the crime itself. The decision to impose the death sentence is more of a cultural difference than one based on religious beliefs. Christians in America are generally in favor of the death penalty while their

Censorship v Pornography Essay Example for Free

Censorship v Pornography Essay 1.0  Ã‚   Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper seeks to determine whether there is basis to use censorship to deal with pornography, based on critical assessment of the feminist debates about the issue.   In addition, an examination on how pornography is made similar to prostitution, drugs, and other marginal crimes will be analyzed given its roots in moral judgments and the ambiguous nature of its harms. Knowing the possible harms that are associated with pornography and the reasons for the need for its regulation will also form part of the analysis with the end view of evaluating whether censorship is the solution to pornography.    Analysis and Discussion 2.1 What is pornography?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To understand pornography, there is a need to look at it from its background up to present times.   Webb (1995) attempted to study more profoundly by looking back at the sexual practices that have been depicted in many cultures, from Greek, and Roman to Chinese and Japanese, for centuries. She found that the term pornography was just used to describe some of these depictions in much recent times. She explained that the term arose together with certain aspects of the tyrannical sexual morality developed by the capitalist ruling class during the 19th century.  Ã‚   She blamed the polarization of the Victorian period which caused dividing the line on what was â€Å"respectable† and what was not between women’s groups (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basis of this respectability was related to the ‘dangers’ of female sexuality and its regulation and that women were required into an inflexible duality. Women were therefore categorized into â€Å"good† women who were asexual, â€Å"chaste’ before they have their marriage and â€Å"pure† after.   Thus, Webb argued that sex was only necessary for reproduction not pleasure, and the consequence was to confine the same to married heterosexual couples.   As a result, women that were found to have sexual activities outside this unbending rule were condemned and which ultimately led to prostitution (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of pornography was felt more in the some countries than others. Webb (1995) cited about the laws of pornography and obscenity in England and the US which covered much more than others as censorship in there is extended to the production, sale, and possession or transacting of written and graphic sexual material.   The issue even went as far as banning contraceptive or abortion drugs, devices and information; and making it a crime to have homosexual behavior between consenting male adults. The result of these prohibitions was also to give police greater summary power over working class women and children because of threat of charging women and children the violation of the laws which may not be obviously be made to men (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The notion of pornography cannot be detached from its forms of art access to which was restricted to capitalistic men claiming to have some sort of academic interest.   As such censorship was directed only against   women, children and working-class men that resulted to discrimination.   The limitation or restriction to access to pornography limited occasions for questioning the supposed to be proper values for sexuality, for women and for the family. Webb (1995) explained that the practice had the effect of the having and philosophy reinforcing the family system, which was understood to be the basic unit of capitalist society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effect of this practice is to limit women into the private area of the home and their domestic labor. This caused these women not to create commodities for sale on the market.   Getting unpaid for their work at home, feminists believe that this resulted to their economic reliance upon fathers and or husbands as further toughened by their limited access to education and properly paid work. If ever they get employed they will eventually be paid the lower rate. They also lost control over their fertility and expression of sexuality. To make matters   worse, society has criminalized violation of pornography and this has affected the women even more. Sexual freedom was therefore curtailed during the 19th century (Webb, 1995).   2.1.1 Defining pornography and its problems   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The dramatic change that has happened with pornography since the term was first used in the 19th century is just simply obvious.   Webb (1995) explained that during that time there was nothing about what is scientific, medical, artistic or popular context to be exempted from the liability for violating pornography.   It was only by the 20th century pornography when exemption could be had from pornography on the claim of being scientific or artistic merit.   Pornography then was defined under the general line as something that is produced for the purpose of producing sexual arousal, having no other â€Å"redeeming† feature. This is based on the assumption that to set out intentionally to produce sexual arousal is dreadful but if the main objective of the work is scientific or artistic, and the possibility of sexual arousal is only incidental, then these higher purpose may excuse the publication (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Given therefore the definition of the pornography, it would mean that pornography is relative to the eye of the viewer and in which, case it becomes an evil and not an art for those who cannot explain that is an art or not scientific to those who are uneducated.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus pornography could be defined in terms of suppression and containment of sexuality and sexual arousal which confuse things. Webb (1995) argued that images of sexuality can be positive and affirming and she cited the case of many lesbian and gay male definitions and positive images of their sexuality that have played an important part in their fight for democratic right and against persecution. She put in parallel that feminism had similarly redefined gender roles of masculinity and femininity, sexuality, and sensuality by using positive views and affirmations of choice and experimentation rather than passivity and submissiveness. By so having positive affirmations, sexual terms like what is erotic and what is pornographic could be delineated when properly debated upon and tested out so as to challenge the   old morality where it was defined by olden times that sexuality itself is hazardous and perilous to women (Webb, 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     What can be seen therefore is a confusion as to proper definition of   pornography and its propriety of defining as such would seem to depend on less number of who are against it or lack of sufficient number of those show can express themselves that pornography is not evil to them. If such is the case, it would seem that level of maturity in terms on moral belief is something that other people or the state can dictate upon the members of the community especially the women although the latter are already in their adulthood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To purpose of pornography definition is only required if one is to make a law about pornography but as admitted by Kuhn (1988) pornography is â€Å"social construct†¦ subject to historical variations.†Ã‚   It could therefore be established that pornography is a   matter of culture where morality is relative. What is erotic to one culture may be pornographic to others (Webb, 1995). 2.2 What is censorship?   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two views on the matter of censorship. There are those who are against and there are those who favor (Rodgerson and Wilson, 1991) of its use to control pornography. While both views espouse the causes how to promote women’s rights, their approaches how to fight for their causes are different. Webb (1995) cited feminists groups like Dworkin and MacKinnon who elevated the abolition of pornography to a strategy for liberating women. Dworkin (1981) stated that pornography is the belief that could explain all forms of women’s oppression and hence she espoused banning the same. The choice to ban pornography to liberate women is based on the view that women’s repression is caused by the power of an inherently female sexuality.   It assumes that all men are dormant rapist, in the making to be activated by pornography. Thus it was said that pornography is the theory and rape is the practice (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The proponents’ assumption that men are rapist waiting to be activated by pornography could not be said to be already established. Thus on the basis of the great probability of wrong assumption, pornography then could not just be solved by censorship.   Until scientific evidence therefore is established what is assumed could be validated empirically, it is really very dangerous to make such an assumption since laws that would be passed would not have also logical if not substantial basis to actually address the issue of pornography correctly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Expressing disagreement on the assumption about men in the banning pornography, Webb (1995) explained that this is a biological determinist view that does not allow much scope for women’s liberation but rather it was more an attempt by individual women to totally separate themselves from any likely contact with men.   She argued that if all men are inherently oppressors of all women then women may just as well give up struggling now (Webb, 1995). She therefore saw the wrongness of the assumption that men are presumed rapist.   She argued that although people are socially conditioned to behave in certain ways, those who espouse the belief that men are presumed rapist, necessarily disregard the very important element of self-consciousness, reflective and reasoning power, and emotional response. Citing contradiction with scientific evidence, Webb (1995) asserted that to see men as programmed for violence not only endorses the most conservative view of human nature, it also absolves men of any responsibility for their actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The argument that men are programmed or conditioned to rape of women absolves men of responsibility is tenable because it presupposes the absence of choice or freedom which is an element in crimes or statute violation of statutes.   Freedom of choice is necessary to hold one accountable but to impose the belief that men are programmed to act would defeat the very purpose of defining crime where there is an assumption   that men are waiting women to rape after reading the so called â€Å"pornographic† materials.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Coward (1982) supported this latter view when she attacked the view of an inherent aggressive male sexuality.   Coward reminded that the view implies that any expression of male sexuality will be oppressive to women.   Thus she argued like Webb that the fight must be given up as women should withdraw from any public, or even private, exploration of sexuality in order to avoid male manipulation (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To argue therefore that censorship is the solution to violence against women is mixing up violent images and violent acts. Portrayal of rape and rape itself are obviously different although connection could be noticed.   Since the two are not identical, it is wrong to treat them the same way. Censorship or banning a description or picture of a violent act is not dealing on the act itself or its causes.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banning was based on the wrong assumption and the wrong premise.   To equate a picture with the actual act would be missing the point by really confusing the issue that would amount to an overkill and it has the effect of portraying that man is really evil waiting to rape women. Doing this, however, would violate the right to freedom of expression, which is one of the inherent rights of the individuals. It is difficult to imagine how would one testifying in court who was a victim of rape, to tell people of the bad experience without at least using some depiction or illustration. It would be hard too for investigators to gather evidence if they cannot even take a picture of the crime scene involving rape victim if the latter act would be equated with the act of raping. How about the courts, will they be charged for pornography for trying supposedly pornography violations because of the depiction of sexuality made in the course of the trial?   The argument to equate depiction to the actual is simply absurd. 2.3 The feminist debates about the issue of pornography.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The debates of feminists about the issue of pornography have something to do with addressing the issue of sexism and the proper approach to solve the same.   Webb (1995) argued that sexual images can be both positive and negative. She explained that images can challenge the old stereotypes of women as passive and sexuality as dangerous, by presenting instead erotic imagery of women’s sexuality as pleasurable and active. She presented that pornographic images can also represent violence, abuse and degradation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finding the way on how to deal with the two sides of sexuality and its imagery in today’s society is the crux of the issue among feminist. Hence censorship is a controversial issue among feminist as it seems to be the most noticeable solution offered on the table by those in power to solve pornography. Answering therefore whether censorship of pornography is the most effective strategy or whether it only deals with the images and not the acts of violence directed against women is an interesting question to feminists. It is also asked whether implementing censorship could sweep away positive explorations of sexuality through the imposition of a new repressive morality. Will censorship liberate women is also an issue by these feminists (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Webb (1995) explained that fact women had won many parts gains over the last two decades and these have generated a higher consciousness of sexism, especially among young women.   She admitted that while many of these gains are now under attack, women of today have more choices and have expectations as a result of their liberalization as compared with the past (Webb, 1995).   That women now can expect going university, getting a job and receiving equal pay as against the absence of these about three decades ago must indeed be strong indications of   greater rights for these women. 2.4 The depiction of women in all areas of lives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confronting the portrayal of women in all areas of their lives is a battle that feminists must fight. Webb (1995) brought out the fact the women are never absent from the magazines or TV programs, newspapers, or from advertising that uses sex and women’s bodies to sell products.   She added that at the same time   society seemed to be obsessed with sex, exploring our sexuality, especially for women, is actively repressed. She noted an example done 1992, where the federal government banned the distribution of a diary, the Fact and Fantasy File Diary that was produced by the Family Planning Association to provide information to young people on sexuality and sexual health (Webb, 1995). She argued that   banning the publication of these materials on the ground of being pornographic is just skirting around the problem of sexism (Webb, 1995). 2.5 How is pornography similar to prostitution, drugs, and other marginal crimes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography cannot be similar to prostitution, drugs and other marginal crimes since banning the pornography actually violates freedom from expression and banning the same creates more harm. The harms that are associated with pornography as described by those who are supporting censorship may have no basis at all and there is not reason to equate depiction of rape with actual rape.   There is no known research that would show that is a great correlation between the number of read pornographic materials and crime committed in relation to sexuality as a result. Although this was what was propagated by those who support censorship, the US Supreme Court has spoken that the ordinance to implement banning of pornographic materials violates freedom of speech. It would appear therefore that if any forthcoming or existing law on pornography if there is any could be rightfully challenged in the Supreme Court for the latter to declare it unconstitutional.   An unconstitutional law, code or ordinance would produce no effect of therefore would confer no right on the part of enforcers to arrest violators and no obligation on the part of the supposed subjects would be expected. 2.6 What are the possible harms that are associated with pornography?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The possible harms that are associated with pornography include the possible sexual abuses against children and women as a result of failure to regulate the same. The claims of those who support censorship could be numerous because of the attempt to equate depiction of the act to the actual act but as argued earlier depiction is different from the actual act. Therefore for the purpose of this paper said feared harms are not given emphasis since there in scientific basis to substantiate the presence of actual harms in pornography that should be addressed properly by the enactment of laws that would penalize its violations. 2.7 What are the reasons for its regulation?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason for the regulation of pornography is to prevent the possible abuses that could be committed as a result of misguided use of information. The fact that it should be regulated and not banned appears to be the more responsive solution to the problem.   It is for this reason that movies should not be banned but rather reclassified to suit proper audiences and in the implementation of who could watch certain films is a matter of regulation and not censorship. 2.8 Is censorship effective in dealing with pornography?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given therefore the background of pornography, one could just wonder whether the problem is properly defined. If not properly defined, would it be correct then to have censorship as the solution? The correctness therefore of the solution to pornography would depend on the validity of the assumptions that were made.   By this paper not having seen any evidence that would validate the assumptions made, it could not easily accept censorship as a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     In relation whether censorship is the solution, Webb (1995) said making a law on pornography â€Å"throws up the dilemma of the producer’s intent as opposes to the consumer’s response.† Thus she cited an illustration where an author or painter may intend his or her work to be erotic or a form of social commentary but another person may view it as pornographic. As proof, the novel entitled Mercy written by Dworkin (1990) was itself attacked as one to be graphically describing the continuous rape, torture and humiliation of the main character in the novel (Webb, 1995). Dworkin was in effect contradicting herself in this respect as she espousing censorship of any depiction but her novel violates the rules that she is fighting for.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given the attack on Dworkin’s work,   it can be assumed that the   intent was to expose violence against women, not that it be read for sexual excitement but as Webb (1995) said,  Ã‚   Dworkin’s novel is exactly the sort of material that could be banned under the laws she herself proposes.   What does this mean then?   The supposed way of Dworkin to reach her audience in writing the book had to use some languages that could be understood to portray sexual imagination   or depiction and if evaluated on the standard of what is obscene then such work should also considered obscene. One may argue that Dworkin may be just trying to explain what is pornographic. Precisely, that is what is meant by the difficultly of just describing anything about sex to be pornographic without really having to say or use the words related to its definition (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Perhaps being moved by anti-pornography authors’ beliefs, supporters of censorship that include Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon, sometime in 1983, drafted an ordinance passed by the Minneapolis City Council to give women the right to bring to court producers, distributors, sellers and/or exhibitors of pornography once these people feel being harmed by the material.   Ã‚  The ordinance was however disapproved by the mayor (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A revised version of this legislation was passed by the Indianapolis City Council,   but was also unsuccessful after having been declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court on the ground of freedom of speech violation (Webb, 1995). The Supreme Court’s having declared the ordinance unconstitutional could only mean that the power of freedom of speech is paramount that to publicize it to educate people and letting them to   express themselves to discover what really are good and bad for them is an inherent human right. It is not the publication that is bad but it is the act of person who will act on the basis of whatever one senses using his or her power of perception. On the other extreme, a rapist need not see a picture to rape a woman whom that man has decided to rape. The evil of something should still depend on the freedom of a man to act on what one sees or hears and not necessarily be coming from the so called â€Å"pornographic† materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   A position taken by those favoring censorship where pornography is defined within the explicit images of degradation and violence against women, has actually moved for more power through legislations (Webb, 1995).   As proof, Minneapolis Ordinance had that pornography is â€Å"the sexually explicit subordination of women, graphically depicted whether in pictures or in words†¦ women are presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities†¦who enjoy pain or humiliation.. in postures of sexual submission†¦ reduced to body parts† (Kelly, 1988, pp. 54-55). It is very clear from the definition that mere depiction is already a violation in pornography.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  A major problem with the said law is that, although feminists may know what is degrading and dehumanizing to women, it is not the feminists who will make the decision in court.   It is the judges who are dominated by men who have the power to define what is sexually moral and what is not.   This is a reality that must be accepted.   Webb (1995) cited a Canada court case where a reinterpretation of existing obscenity law along the lines of the Dworkin/MacKinnon ordinance, was used to forbid the lesbian magazine Bad Attitude and caused the raid of a lesbian and gay bookshop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other side of the issue therefore does not go for censorship as the solution for the simple reason that the act of banning will not put a stop to pornography. Thus to campaign for censorship is obviously not just. Pornography could not therefore be equated to prostitution (Arcand and Grady,1993), drugs and other marginal crimes for they belong to different realms. The first is just depiction or portrayal of acts while the latter are actual acts. No wonder attempts to make an ordinance that would prohibit the same by groups espousing censorship ended with being vetoed by a mayor and another attempt to revise the same ordinance resulted to be struck as unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are however still harms (Stark ,1997; Lottes et. al. Weller ,1993) that could be associated with pornography for which reason it should still be regulated by having selective banning especially to children who may not have the mental capacity to understand things while they are young. But as they mature an education that would help them understand about sexuality should be taught to them rather than resorting to complete censorship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When these children become adults it could not be assumed that they do not know how to practice their freedom of choice and intellect in being morally responsible for their acts. If indeed pornography may be defined where women are depicted to be dehumanized sexual objects, then by all mean censorship appears to not the logical solution but rather it should be the proper education of people how should humans behave using said natural sexuality given to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One argument that is forwarded by those who espouse censorship is that pornography is big business (Alexander, M., 2002) therefore banning it will interrupt on capitalism’s ability to make profit from the oppression of women.   Although pornography is admitted as a big business, it does not follow that it will not be sold if banned since capitalism has unremittingly created new needs and wants to exploit the economic concept of unsatisfied needs and wants. Business could always come up with a variation of projecting sex even in toys or internet games as sexuality will always be a part of the lives of humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore explaining to people about the implications of wrong use of sexuality and how they benefit from controlling the same that would be the better solution than completely stopping by prohibiting its depiction. Banning does not stop pornography, for it will just push it into the underground that would in effect come out in some other ways. The same shortsighted solution has the effect of also banning it as topic for public discussion and as venue to have constructive sexual alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Censorship of pornography has been the topic from many countries but it would seem that no law has been successful in actually stopping pornography.   The moment a law is made to censor pornography, people’s need to understand the subject or to engage in any form has its own way of coming out in number of ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To oppose censorship should not be taken as condoning, ignoring or deprioritizing campaigns about the often aggressive and usually misogynist depiction of women in a society where capitalism has no sign of waning. Webb (1995) explained stated that women have a duty to be counted in the most effectual how to do away with images which are oppressive and sexist. These women should not seek to have pornography banned, but by starting a much more comprehensive debate about sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same objective could also be attained by   campaigning for better sex education in different schools at different levels. Their minds should be opened to knowledge rather than deny then them capacity to be aware of the issues that would allow them to exercise their freedom to choose. By making people more aware of their sexuality,   there is a greater chance to create more informed and responsible behavior as well as social attitudes that would allow free expression of sexuality would more within the reach of these women. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can be concluded that the concept of pornography appears to have its roots in the past that resulted into grouping women into categories on who are â€Å"good† ,who are â€Å"chaste’ and who are pure. Being felt more in some than other countries, pornography is closely related to relativity of morality in different places. Where there are more prohibitions, the greater are the effects on the power of those who are to enforce the law against the would-be subjects like the children, working class women and working-class men. It therefore has is links with the concept of equality especially among women where the concept dawned on them as a way of discriminating them as against men who are not subject to said prohibition or censorship.      Ã‚  Ã‚  As could be expected based on it relativity characteristic, definitions of pornography could vary for different states or jurisdictions. Since the purpose of defining the same is for the authority to regulate or to prohibit the same, the problems could differ and whoever will be included as subjects in the said law will naturally be subject to its power and possible abuse by those who will implement the law. It could therefore be in terms of the suppression, containment of sexuality and sexual arousal depending on whose point of view, that the term could be defined. This therefore produces the effect of massive confusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being therefore called a social construct, the concept of pornography depends at different times (Moon, R. 2000), so what to some is erotic is already pornographic to others.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To argue therefore for censorship is to argue to stopping the same in different ways depending on how pornography was defined.   Certain feminists like Dworkin and MacKinnon supported the abolition of pornography as a way to free women. This strategy necessary takes the view that women’s repression is caused by the power of an inherently female sexuality. With the assumption that all men are dormant rapists, who are in the making to be activated by pornography, one could already infer the possible consequences of making such an assumption. Thus a point in time was necessarily arrived at where the depiction of an act was already being equated with the act.   Ã‚  Ã‚     The other side of the coin argues that to make the dangerous assumption about men that they are prone to raping which calls for banning pornography will not necessarily result in women liberation as espoused by Dworkin’s group. To sustain the assumption about men as inherently oppressors of all women would amount advising to just give up struggling now as this has the effect of removing from the men the responsibility for their acts. This therefore is clearly oppressive to women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should therefore be understandable to put one’s shoes with those of women as to the feminist debates about the issue of pornography because of the deep repercussions of their agreement or disagreement of laws that will define pornography and that will stop the same. Notable is the fact the mere prohibition of image depiction can make the old stereotype of women as passive and sexuality as dangerous. Censorship therefore is not the answer with the problem that was imperfectly defined, education is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simple regulation is therefore recommended rather censorship. Regulation of course extends to limiting access to children of some materials while they do not understand the issues clearly.   People should rather have a debate about sex or that they should be a campaign for better sex education in schools, or a   more informed and responsible social attitudes to expression of sexuality should be made possible.   By so doing people are presumed intelligent and free and enhancing the same through education would make their lives more meaningful.   More meaningful lives of course would mean better society and better society should mean fewer crimes as people would become more responsible of their choices. Bibliography: Alexander, M. (2002)   The First Amendment and Problems of Political Viability: The Case of Internet Pornography; Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, Vol. 25 Arcand and Grady (1993) The Jaguar and the Anteater: Pornography Degree Zero; Verso Campbell, J. (1988), â€Å"Pornography Is it a Feminist Issue?, â€Å" Australian Feminist Studies, No. 7 Coward, (1982) R. â€Å"Sexual Violence and Sexuality,† Feminist Review, No. 11 Dworkin, A (1990), Mercy, Secker Warburg, London Dworkin, A, (1981), Pornography: Men Possessing Women, Women’s Press London Kelly, L., â€Å"The US Ordinances: Feminism and Censorship Prism Press, Great Britain, 1988† Kuhn, A. (1988), quoted in Campbell   (1988), â€Å"Pornography Is it a Feminist Issue?, â€Å" Australian Feminist Studies, No. 7 Lottes et. al. Weller (1993) Reactions to Pornography on a College Campus: For or Against?; Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. 29 Moon, R. (2000) The Constitutional Protection of Freedom of, University of Toronto Press Rodgerson Wilson (1991) Pornography and Feminism – the Case Against Censorship, Lawrence Wishart Ltd. , London Stark   (1997) Is Pornography an Action?: The Causal vs. the Conceptual View of Pornographys Harm ; Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 23 Webb, E. (1995) Pornography and Censorship: Silence or choice?, {www document} URL,   http://www

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy Essay

Happiness Is Being Content Philosophy Essay Happiness is being content with what you have in your life. It comes down to two different types of contentment. The first type is a material happiness that comes from material things including food, shelter, clothing, cars, technological devices and anything else that that physically exists and is an object of desire. The second type of happiness is much more abstract; it is a kind of spiritual or natural happiness. It comes from being at peace or from achieving a state of inner contentment. As the saying goes, the truth lies somewhere in the middle and it is my belief that only through a perfect balance of these two sources of happiness can one be truly happy, which is, in a way, to be content. The fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso speaks of happiness in much the same way. When asked by Howard Cutler to speak about desire, the Dalai Lama replies, I think there are two kinds of desire (Cutler 1000). The Dalai Lama says of the material desire I previously identified: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that this kind of excessive desire leads to greed-an exaggerated form of desire, based on over expectation. He goes on to say, When it comes to dealing with greed, one thing that is quite characteristic is that although it arrives by the desire to obtain something, it is not satisfied by obtaining (Cutler 1001). I completely agree with him on this point, that material desire can become excessive and lead to insatiable greed. However, it is my belief that happiness comes from fulfilling desire, which is, in part, fulfilling superficial material desire. But that is not all that constitutes happiness. As the Dalai Lama says, The true antidote of greed is contentment. If you have a strong sen se of contentment, it doesnt matter whether you obtain the object or not; either way, you are still content (Cutler 1002). This kind of inner contentment comes about through the second type of happiness I spoke of, the spiritual or natural happiness. Natural happiness or inner contentment is a rather difficult thing to explain, as it is a very abstract idea. Inner contentment cannot be found through material things. It comes from oneself, from one making peace with what they have and understanding that they cannot have everything. Howard Cutler, the Dalai Lamas companion, asks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦How can we achieve inner contentment? There are two methods. One method is to obtain everything we want and desireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The second, and more reliable, method is not to have what we want but rather to want and appreciate what we have (Cutler 1002). It would seem that Cutler, the Dalai Lama, and I share many of the same views. Inner contentment itself comes from making peace with what we already have, moving past the desire of wanting material things. However, it should be made clear that we are discussing happiness, not contentment. Contentment, inner contentment, certainly comes from achieving a peace with what one has and accepting that one cant have everything. But that is only contentment. True happiness comes from a balance of both contentment and desire. It comes from striking a balance between the two methods of achieving inner contentment. But this is only one persons happiness. Philosophers such as Epictetus would argue that happiness does not come about through these methods. Epictetus taught that: The goal of life is happiness or flourishing life. The way to achieve this condition is to understand the nature of the good (Barnet and Bedau 995). He argued that The only true good is virtue. Yes, wealth can be useful, but it is not good or badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Povertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is not bad but is morally indifferent (just as wealth is morally indifferent)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The life that is happy or fruitful is the virtuous life (Barnet and Bedau 995). Epictetus was likely speaking about happiness as a whole or happiness for the greater good. One persons happiness may not be the same as anothers, but I agree with Epictetus that happiness comes about through living a virtuous life. I would call this version of happiness a worldly contentment. This is, of course, different from the inner contentment previously discussed. Daniel Gilbert adds onto this idea of contentment. In his essay Does Fatherhood Make You Happy? he explains that having children generally makes a parent happy. Psychologists have measured how people feel as they go about their daily activities, and have found that people are less happy when they are interacting with their children than when they are eating, exercising, shopping or watching television (Gilbert 985). He starts off by stating how studies have shown that parents become less happy when they have children around them and how they would rather be spending time doing other things to make them happy, but later counters this idea with his reasons from personal experience. First, when something makes us happy we are willing to pay a lot for it, which is why the worst Belgian chocolate is more expensive than the best Belgian tofu. But that process can work in reverse: when we pay a lot for something, we assume it makes us happy, which is why we swear to the wonders of bottled water and Armani socks (Gilbert 985). Gilbert brings toward a materialistic view very similar to the Dalai Lamas. We are willing to sacrifice for material wants and desires but only true happiness lies in contentment. Gilbert compares children to heroin, while it may seem irrational his points are made clear. Children give parents a feeling of pleasure that makes them forget everything else around them. The analogy to children is all too clear. Even if their company were an unremitting pleasure, the fact that they require so much company means that other sources of pleasure will all but disappear (Gilbert 986). I interpret this as another form of contentment. Because of how satisfying it is to have children, it makes a parent content that they dont need anything else. Lewis proposes a countercultural idea, that we actually have no right to happiness. Some people believe that happiness is a right and is supposed to be given out, or is required to be provided by the government, like a right. In all reality that is true, but to an extent, we do have a right to happiness; we also have a right to earn happiness. We are all provided with the resources to do so. As in all rights we are provided with there still is some kind of boundary. If we establish a right to (sexual) happiness which supersedes all the ordinary rules of behavior, we do so not because of what out passion shows itself to be in experience but because of what it professes to be while we are in the grip of it (Lewis 1006). Lewis would say that pursuing happiness is alright as long as you are within legal and moral laws. In other words, living a good life is a means to pursue happiness. Thus the question of what is happiness can be defined in multiple ways. For one person, it is through achieving a state of inner contentment through finding a balance between material desire of what one does not have and a desire of what one already has. In the context of worldly or societal happiness, happiness is found through living a life of virtue and thus being fulfilled, or finding contentment, in that manner. Happiness is all of these things. Happiness, however, isnt a destination to reach. Its a perception, a mindset. There are those that believe that people are born with this mindset. There are others who believe that each of us can achieve this perception merely by redirecting our thoughts. Both are true. Sometimes it takes a really stressful event to make us realize how grateful we are for what we have rather than desiring what we dont have. The secret to happiness is contentment; a still point of realization that happiness is found within, not through external measures and possessions. Contentment is more than being grateful for the small things in life, it is being grateful for simply being. Contentment is a song the heart sings in the quiet moments of the day. Can you hear it?

The Difficulties of AIDS :: essays research papers

AIDS is a deadly disease that affects people world wide. AIDS is a disease that brings about many social consequences. Many of these consequences result in physical, emotional, and economic problems. AIDS compromises the immune system of the human body, making a person susceptible to many different illnesses and infections. Among these are: unexplained fatigue and weight loss, night sweats and flu-like feelings. These infirmities can interfere with a person’s daily physical tasks. For example, taking a shower, eating, working, excersing, caring for a child, and cooking. Being unable to perform these tasks makes an n individuals life extremely difficult. Individuals with AIDS also experience a number of emotional problems because of the social stigmas attached to AIDS. For instance, a person having to be scared to let others know he or she is infected, and being unable to engage in intimate relations without infecting others. Further emotional problems can be caused with the c ontinuous worry of death, which can inhibit a person’s normal functioning .People who have these issues develop a great deal of emotional problems because one feels that they do not fit into society. AIDS is not only a disease that affects an individual, but it also affects the larger society . This is so because of the financial needs to help fund programs and organizations to help stop the spread of AIDS and help those who suffer from AIDS. Although, the money goes towards helping AIDS victims it is costly for tax payers, when it can go towards helping people and developing educational programs within their communities. Why should the population pay for the bill for the consequences of others? As one can see, AIDS doesn’t only bring about consequences that indirectly affect individuals, but it also brings about consequences for society as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every year, millions of people are infected and die from AIDS. This is because of ignorance, acts of choice, as well as religious beliefs. It is assumed that all people know the causes of AIDS, however, most people don’t know. Some people think that AIDS only afflicts homosexuals and drug abusers. This way of thinking displays that the government is not properly educating people on AIDS and prevention. A person who thinks in this manner feels that if they only have sex with a person that isn’t in an at risk group it is okay to have unprotected sex.

Chinese Rice Farming Essay -- China Agriculture Rice Essays Papers

Chinese Rice Farming Works Cited Not Included An ancient Chinese proverb reads, â€Å"Without rice, even the cleverest housewife cannot cook.† In a comical manner, this proverb illustrates an important point - rice serves an essential function to the people of China. As the pivotal mediator between the Chinese people and the rice they consume, the weather, climate, and environment has played an integral role in rice’s production and utility, as well as the importance it plays within the culture. Ironically, something so integral to Chinese society may not indeed be sustainable for the future. Before discussing the important inter-dynamics between rice, people and the environment, it is necessary to briefly review the importance of rice in China. Rice is the staple food source of China, a country containing over 1.3 billion residents. Chinese officials report that the per capita energy intake of food is around 2,600 calories, where  ¾ of their protein and 5/6 of their caloric intake come from grain – primarily rice.28 The government has gone to great lengths to feed their ever burgeoning population and it is a monumental undertaking. China produces 35% of the world’s total rice production, ranging from 171 million to 191 million metric tons annually over the past decade.29 Chinese mythology has expounded upon many of the critical elements that pertain to human existence: the division of the heavens and the earth, the creation of man, and the origins of rice. According to legend, rice’s origin is begins during the aftermath of a devastating storm thousands of years ago.30 The lands and rivers were flooded and food sources were scarce; every type of plant life was destroyed and no animals could be found. Seeing the hardships the... ...the fields during the monsoons would be almost impossible, and highly expensive. Other proposed remedies have their own specific costs and benefits, but as of yet no comprehensive, realistic solution has been developed.37 Until this occurs, the situation in China, and the world at large, gets worse by the day. At this point in time, there are no signs suggesting that China will abandon their â€Å"rice culture†, and weather and climate will both influence and be impacted by rice production for years to come. Scientific research is advancing by the day and we will eventually find a solution to this rice methane problem. Hopefully, this paper has been able to illustrate how important the dynamic relationship between rice, the weather and climate, and Chinese society, and how a subject that on surface may appear to be dull to some can be rather exciting and educational.

Elder Abuse Essay

Elder abuse is a horrible problem: during people’s sunset years, they should relax and be comfortable, not have to worry about abuse from family members and caregivers. However, the issue of people abusing the vulnerable elderly is a growing one in the United States. What causes it? This essay explains a growing theory that accounts for the causes of elder abuse. According to Quinn and Tomita (1997), there are five main hypotheses for elder abuse (Quinn & Tomita, 1997, pp. 86-87). The first is simple power: some people simply focus on dependency issues (Quinn & Tomita, 1997, pp. 86-87). Others are acting out due to the stress of acting as a caregiver; this is particularly common within family caregiving settings (Quinn & Tomita, 1997, pp. 86-87). Another hypothesis states that elder abuse is simply caused because some individuals have grown up in families that solve problems with violence (Quinn & Tomita, 1997, pp. 86-87). Another hypothesis claims that some are related to ind ividual abuser’s problems, such as substance abuse and depression (Quinn & Tomita, 1997, pp. 86-87). Finally, the last hypothesis states that in some societies, elders have lost their personhood due to greed, lookism, and hatred of the disabled. Most other studies support at least one of these hypotheses. For example, Brandl and Raymond found that the most common cause of elder abuse was caregiver stress, regardless of whether the caregiver was a family member or professional; they also emphasize the role of the elderly person: an abused child may abuse their parent once the parent is frail, for example; this connects to Quinn and Tomita’s hypotheses of violent families and individual abuser’s problems (Brandl & Raymond, 2012). Nerenberg, too, claims that caregiver stress is the main cause of elder abuse (Nerenberg, 2002). She emphasizes the perspective of the caregiver, particularly the first-time caregiver, as these individuals are more likely to engage in elder abuse (Nerenberg, 2002). Meanwhile, Hawes focuses on professional caregivers’ abuse of the elderly in long-term care facilities (Hawes, 2003). Hawes does not offer many causes, but hints at them by discussing the low pay and high-stress nature of caregiving jobs (Hawes, 2003). Thomason ascribes the causes of elder abuse to a changing society in which people live longer and are ill-prepared for caretaking (Thomason, 2011). He emphasizes the social  causes of elder abuse, focusing on the need to make everyone aware of the issues related to elder abuse and aging (Thomason, 2011). In contrast, and by focusing on the individual level, Vetere emphasizes caregiver burnout as a major cause of elder abuse (Vetere, 2011). Bronwell addresses the causes of elder abuse only implicitly, but presents data on the low pay and long hours in the caregi ving industry and also discusses the aspects of burnout and frustration that can cause family-based elder abuse to occur (Brownwell & Podnicks, 2005). In addition to discussing the elderly abusing themselves by failing to engage in self-care, they also offer data that some risk factors mean one is more likely to become an abuser: a low level of education, mental retardation (by the caregiver), substance abuse by either the elder or the caregiver, a prior history of violence or psychiatric issues, and stress (Gorbien & Eisenstein, 2005, p. 282). Gorbien and Eisenstein (2005) proposed five archetypes for abusers of the elderly, which are the overwhelmed, the impaired (e.g., mentally or physically), the narcissistic, the bullying, and the sadistic (Gorbien & Eisenstein, 2005, p. 284). In keeping with the overall causes mentioned by Quinn and Tomita, these archetypes offer reasons individuals may turn to abuse (Quinn & Tomita, 1997). Thus it can be said that a theory for the causation o f elder abuse is that within a context of a society that is poorly equipped to deal with the elderly, and within an individualist, looks-oriented society that discriminates against the disabled, many people are ashamed or frustrated by their relatives’ (or clients’, in the case of professional caregivers) decline. This feeling of helplessness and disgust, combined with stress and burnout – exacerbated due to the poor preparation most family caregivers have, and the long hours and poor pay offered to many professional caregivers – creates a context in which abuse is likely. Additional factors, like abuse from the elders themselves (e.g., bitter about losing capacity, holding long grudges against family members, aggression due to cognitive decline such as through Alzheimer’s) can spark an abusive incident. Moreover, if an individual has any of the characteristics noted by Gorbien and Eisenstein, they may be more likely to abuse. Working towards a theory of elder abuse, one can imagine a flow chart (provided on the next page). First, the background of this abuse occurs against a context of a society fiercely focused on beauty and ableism. Second, if an individual ends up  caring for an elder and they are poorly prepared or compensated, this context intensifies. Third, if an individual is impaired in some way, he or she will quickly become burned out and stressed. Fourth, pre-existing interpersonal factors like abuse are exemplified in elder caregiver situations. Fifth, some personality types (narcissists who want others to admire them for their s upposed selflessness; sociopaths) want to care for elders for their own sick needs. Sixth, if a caregiver has a risk factor such as low IQ, low education, substance abuse, or mental health issues, he or she is more likely to be an abuser. Finally, caregivers suffer burnout, and eventually, when caring for an elder individual, they may engage in a violent incident. This theory is outlined in the flowchart below, which moves from left to right. Major causes are represented by larger circles. Works Cited Brandl, B., & Raymond, J. A. (2012). Elder Abuse and the Elder Justice Movement in America. San Francisco, CA: American Society on Aging. Brownwell, P., & Podnicks, E. (2005). Long-Overdue for the Critical Issue of Elder Abuse and Neglect: A Global Policy and Practice Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gorbien, M. J., & Eisenstein, A. R. (2005). Elder Abuse and Neglect: An Overview. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Hawes, C. (2003). Elder Abuse in Residential Long-Term Care Settings: What Is Known and What Information Is Needed? Washington, DC: National Academies Press,. Nerenberg, L. (2002). Preventing Elder Abuse by Family Caregivers. Washington, D.C.: National Council on Elder Abuse. Quinn, M. J., & Tomita, S. K. (1997). Elder Abuse and Neglect: Causes, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Thomason, D. (2011). Addressing The Cause of Elder Abuse: A Critical Component to Aging Health Policy. Retrieved October 16, 2013, from Kaplan Unv iersity Online: http://www.kaplanuniversity.edu/public-service/articles/addressing-elder-abuse.aspx# Vetere, P. M. (2011). Elder Abuse: What Are We Missing? Ottawa: The College of Family Physicians of Canada. Woolf, L. M. (1998). Elder Abuse and Neglect. St. Louis, MO: Webster University.